A new study from the University at Buffalo reveals concerning evidence that air pollution exposure in the final month of pregnancy significantly increases the risk of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions. The research highlights the potential dangers of pollutants like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and ozone (O3), with findings that could influence public health policy to better protect pregnant individuals and their newborns.
Published in Scientific Reports, the study shows that newborns exposed to higher levels of NO2 during the last month of pregnancy face a 30-35% increased likelihood of NICU admission. PM2.5 exposure, a form of fine particulate matter that can be inhaled into the lungs, correlates with an 11-22% increased risk of NICU admission as well.
“Pregnancy, especially in the final weeks, represents a critical window for fetal development. Our research underscores the urgent need to address air pollution exposure, even at lower levels, to protect both mothers and infants,” said Yohane V.A. Phiri, Ph.D., the study’s lead author and a postdoctoral research associate in the University at Buffalo’s Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health.
The study draws on satellite-derived data to assess air pollution levels across the United States, offering a more comprehensive view than ground-based monitoring alone. This method proved particularly useful in rural areas, which often lack extensive pollution monitoring infrastructure.
The research also identified geographic variations in NICU admission risks, with the highest risks from NO2 exposure found in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic regions. Seasonal differences were noted for PM2.5, with risks peaking in the winter in the Northeast and persisting year-round along the West Coast and Southeast. Interestingly, ozone exposure showed either a protective effect or no significant impact, except during the summer months.
While the study does not establish a direct causal link between air pollution and NICU admissions, it strongly supports ongoing efforts to reduce pollution levels and improve air quality. “The impact of air pollution on maternal and neonatal health is an underexplored area,” Phiri emphasized, adding that further research and policy initiatives are essential to mitigate these risks.
In the U.S., despite advancements in maternal and child healthcare, NICU admissions remain a significant concern, with 8.1% of infants being admitted in 2018. While the U.S. enjoys relatively lower pollution levels compared to other countries, the study highlights the need for continued vigilance in reducing harmful pollutants to protect public health, particularly among vulnerable populations like pregnant individuals and newborns.
The study was conducted by researchers from the University at Buffalo, alongside experts from the University of Maryland and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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